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N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
Ammonia Assimilation
Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
Aminotransferases
Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
Pro, Arg, Orn
Polyamines
Non-protein AAs
Alkaloids
Sulfate Assimilation
Cys, Met, AdoMet, ACC
His, Phe, Tyr, Tryp
Secondary Products
Onium Compounds
Enzymes
Methods
Simulation
References
HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, ammonia assimilation

Aichi M, Omata T 1997 Involvement of NtcB, a LysR family transcription factor, in nitrite activation of the nitrate assimilation operon in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942. J. Bacteriol. 179: 4671-4675.

Aichi M, Takatani N, Omata T 2001 Role of NtcB in activation of nitrate assimilation genes in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. J. Bacteriol. 183: 5840-5847.

Aichi M, Yoshihara S, Yamashita M, Maeda SI, Nagai K, Omata T 2006 Characterization of the nitrate-nitrite transporter of the major facilitator superfamily (the nrtP gene product) from the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme strain ATCC 29133. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 70: 2682-2689.

Akimova NI, Evstigneeva ZG, Kretovich VL 1976 Regulation of glutamine metabolism in Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Mechanisms of regulating the activity of glutamine synthetase during ammonia assimilation. Biokhimiia 41: 1306-1312.

Ali H, Niel C, Guillaume JB 1981 The pathways of ammonium assimilation in Rhizobium meliloti. Arch. Microbiol. 129: 391-394.

Amon J, Brau T, Grimrath A, HanBler E, Hasselt K, Holler M, JeBberger N, Ott L, Szokol J, Titgemeyer F, Burkovski A 2008 Nitrogen control in Mycobacterium smegmatis: nitrogen-dependent expression of ammonium transport and assimilation proteins depends on OmpR-type regulator GlnR. J. Bacteriol. Aug 8 [Epub ahead of print].

Aon JC, Cortassa S 2001 Involvement of nitrogen metabolism in the triggering of ethanol fermentation in aerobic chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab. Eng. 3: 250-264.

Arima Y, Kumazawa K 1977 Evidence of ammonium assimilation via the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase system in rice seedling roots. Plant Cell Physiol. 18: 1121-1129.

Aurisano N, Bertani A, Reggiani R 1995 Anaerobic accumulation of 4-aminobutyrate in rice seedlings: causes and significance. Phytochemistry 38: 1147-1150.

Avila C, Suarez M, Gomez-Maldonado J, Canovas F 2001 Spatial and temporal expression of two cytosolic glutamine synthetase genes in Scots pine: functional implications on nitrogen metabolism during early stages of conifer development. Plant J. 25: 93-102.

Baars JJ, Op den Camp HJ, van der Drift C, Joordens JJ, Wijmenga SS, van Griensven LJ, Vogels GD 1996 15N-NMR study of ammonium assimilation in Agaricus bisporus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1310: 74-80.

Baars JJ, Op den Camp HJ, van Hoek AH, van der Drift C, Van Griensven LJ, Visser J, Vogels GD 1995 Purification and characterization of NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from the commercial mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Curr. Microbiol. 30: 211-217.

Baev MV, Kiriukhin MY, Tsygankov YD 1997 Regulation of ammonia assimilation in an obligate methylotroph Methylobacillus flagellatum under steady-state and transient growth conditions. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 71: 353-361.

Baggio L, Morrison M 1996 The NAD(P)H-utilizing glutamate dehydrogenase of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron belongs to enzyme family I, and its activity is affected by trans-acting gene(s) positioned downstream of gdhA. J. Bacteriol. 178: 7212-7220.

Barel I, MacDonald DW 1993 Enzyme defects in glutamate-requiring strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 113: 267-272.

Baron AC, Tobin TH, Wallsgrove RM, Tobin AK 1994 A metabolic control analysis of the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase cycle in isolated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 105: 415-424.

Barsch A, Carvalho HG, Cullimore JV, Niehaus K 2006 GC-MS based metabolite profiling implies three interdependent ways of ammonium assimilation in Medicago truncatula root nodules. J. Biotechnol. 127: 79-83.

Becker TW, Carrayol E, Hirel B 2000 Glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase isoforms in maize leaves: localization, relative proportion and their role in ammonium assimilation or nitrogen transport. Planta 211: 800-806.

Bedell JP, Chalot M, Garnier A, Botton B 1999 Effects of nitrogen source on growth and activity of nitrogen-assimilating enzymes in Douglas-fir seedlings. Tree Physiol. 19: 205-210.

Bellucci M, Ederli L, De Marchis F, Pasqualini S, Arcioni S 2004 Transformation of Lotus corniculatus plants with Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase A: effect on nitrogen assimilation and plant development. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 78: 139-150.

Bender RA, Snyder PM, Bueno R, Quinto M, Magasanik B 1983 Nitrogen regulation system of Klebsiella aerogenes: the nac gene. J. Bacteriol. 156: 444-446.

Berry AM, Murphy TM, Okubara PA, Jacobsen KR, Swensen SM, Pawlowski K 2004 Novel expression pattern of cytosolic Gln synthetase in nitrogen-fixing root nodules of the actinorhizal host, Datisca glomerata. Plant Physiol. 135: 1849-1862.

Bhattacharya J, Singh AK, Rai AN 2002 Isolation and characterization of a chlorate-resistant mutant (Clo- R) of the symbiotic cyanobacterium Nostoc ANTH: heterocyst formation and N(2)-fixation in the presence of nitrate, and evidence for separate nitrate and nitrite transport systems. Curr. Microbiol. 45: 99-104.

Bijlsma RJ, Lambers H 2000 A dynamic whole-plant model of integrated metabolism of nitrogen and carbon. 2. Balanced growth driven by C fluxes and regulated by signals from C and N substrate. Plant & Soil 220: 71-87.

Bijlsma RJ, Lambers H, Kooijman SALM 2000 A dynamic whole-plant model of integrated metabolism of nitrogen and carbon. 1. Comparative ecological implications of ammonium-nitrate interactions. Plant & Soil 220: 49-69.

Binda C, Bossi RT, Wakatsuki S, Arzt S, Coda A, Curti B, Vanoni MA, Mattevi A 2000 Cross-talk and ammonia channeling between active centers in the unexpected domain arrangement of glutamate synthase. Structure Fold. Des. 8: 1299-1308.

Blanco L, Reddy PM, Silvente S, Bucciarelli B, Khandual S, Alvarado-Affantranger X, Sanchez F, Miller S, Vance C, Lara-Flores M 2008 Molecular cloning, characterization and regulation of two different NADH-glutamate synthase cDNAs in bean nodules. Plant Cell Environ. 31: 454-472.

Brears T, Liu C, Knight TJ, Coruzzi GM 1993 Ectopic overexpression of asparagine synthetase in transgenic tobacco. Plant Physiol. 103: 1285-1290.

Britto DT, Kronzucker HJ 2005 Nitrogen acquisition, PEP carboxylase, and cellular pH homeostasis: new views on old paradigms. Plant Cell Environ. 28: 1396-1409.

Broach J, Neumann C, Kustu S 1976 Mutant strains (nit) of Salmonella typhimurium with a pleiotropic defect in nitrogen metabolism. J. Bacteriol. 128: 86-98.

Brown JR, Masuchi Y, Robb FT, Doolittle WF 1994 Evolutionary relationships of bacterial and archaeal glutamine synthetase genes. J. Mol. Evol. 38: 566-576.

Bruggeman FJ, Boogerd FC, Westerhoff HV 2005 The multifarious short-term regulation of ammonium assimilation of Escherichia coli: dissection using an in silico replica. FEBS J. 272: 1965-1985.

Bruggeman FJ, van Heeswijk WC, Boogerd FC, Westerhoff HV 2000 Macromolecular intelligence in microorganisms. Biol. Chem. 381: 965-972.

Bruggeman FJ, Westerhoff HV, Hoek JB, Kholodenko BN 2002 Modular response analysis of cellular regulatory networks. J. Theor. Biol. 218: 507-520.

Brugiere N, Dubois F, Masclaux C, Sangwan RS, Hirel B 2000 Immunolocalization of glutamine synthetase in senescing tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves suggests that ammonia assimilation is progressively shifted to the mesophyll cytosol. Planta 211: 519-527.

Bungard RA, Wingler A, Morton JD, Andrews M, Press MC, Scholes JD 1999 Ammonium can stimulate nitrate and nitrite reductase in the absence of nitrate in Clematis vitalba. Plant Cell Environ. 22: 859-866.

Calderon J, Martinez LM 1993 Regulation of ammonium ion assimilation enzymes in Neurospora crassa nit-2 and ms-5 mutant strains. Biochem. Genet. 31: 425-439.

Camacho-Cristobal JJ, Gonzalez-Fontes A 2007 Boron deficiency decreases plasmalemma H+-ATPase expression and nitrate uptake, and promotes ammonium assimilation into asparagine in tobacco roots. Planta 226: 443-451.

Canovas FM, Avila C, Canton FR, Canas RA, de la Torre F 2007 Ammonium assimilation and amino acid metabolism in conifers. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 2307-2318.

Canton FR, Suarez MF, Canovas FM 2005 Molecular aspects of nitrogen mobilization and recycling in trees. Photosynth. Res. 83: 265-278.

Carroll AD, Fox GG, Laurie S, Phillips R, Ratcliffe RG, Stewart GR 1994 Ammonium assimilation and the role of gamma-aminobutyric-acid in pH homeostasis in carrot cell suspensions. Plant Physiol. 106: 513-520.

Carvalho H, Lima L, Lescure N, Camut S, Salema R, Cullimore J 2000 Differential expression of the two cytosolic glutamine synthetase genes in various organs of Medicago truncatula. Plant Sci. 159: 301-312.

Castillo A, Taboada H, Mendoza A, Valderrama B, Encarnacion S, Mora J 2000 Role of GOGAT in carbon and nitrogen partitioning in Rhizobium etli. Microbiology 146: 1627-1637.

Cedergreen N, Madsen TV 2003 Nitrate reductase activity in roots and shoots of aquatic macrophytes. Aquat. Bot. 76: 203-212.

Chaffei C, Gouia H, Masclaux C, Ghorbel MH 2003 Reversibility effects of cadmium in growth and nitrogen metabolism in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum). C. R. Biol. 326: 401-412.

Chavez S, Lucena JM, Reyes JC, Florencio FJ, Candau P 1999 The presence of glutamate dehydrogenase is a selective advantage for the Cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 under nonexponential growth conditions. J. Bacteriol. 181: 808-813.

Chen Q, Silflow CD 1996 Isolation and characterization of glutamine synthetase genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 112: 987-996.

Chien HF, Lin CC, Wang JW, Chen CT, Kao CH 2002 Changes in ammonium ion content and glutamine synthetase activity in rice leaves caused by excess cadmium are a consequence of oxidative damage. Plant Growth Regul. 36: 41-47.

Choo YS, Lee CB, Albert R 2002 Effects of nitrogen nutrition on the pattern of ions and organic solutes in five sedges (Carex spp.). Flora 197: 56-66.

Chopra J, Kaur N, Gupta AK 2003 The role of ammonium assimilating enzymes in lentil roots and nodules. Biol. Plant. 47: 105-109.

Christensen T, Hynes MJ, Davis MA 1998 Role of the regulatory gene areA of Aspergillus oryzae in nitrogen metabolism. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 3232-3237.

Chung TW, Lee DI, Kim DS, Jin UH, Park C, Kim JG, Kim MG, Ha SD, Kim KS, Lee KH, Kim KY, Chung DH, Kim CH 2006 Molecular cloning and characterization of a large subunit of Salmonella typhimurium glutamate synthase (GOGAT) gene in Escherichia coli. J. Microbiol. 44: 301-310.

Cliquet JB, Stewart GR 1993 Ammonia assimilation in Zea mays L. infected with a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum. Plant Physiol. 101: 865-871.

Cohen-Kupiec R, Marx CJ, Leigh JA 1999 Function and regulation of glnA in the methanogenic archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis. J. Bacteriol. 181: 256-261.

Courchesne WE, Magasanik B 1983 Ammonia regulation of amino acid permeases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell Biol. 3: 672-683.

Cousins AB, Bloom AJ 2003 Influence of elevated CO2 and nitrogen nutrition on photosynthesis and nitrate photo-assimilation in maize (Zea mays L.). Plant Cell Environ. 26: 1525-1530.

Cruz C, Bio AF, Dominguez-Valdivia MD, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Lamsfus C, Martins-Loucao MA 2006 How does glutamine synthetase activity determine plant tolerance to ammonium? Planta 223: 1068-1080.

Cullimore JV, Sims AP 1981 Pathway of ammonia assimilation in illuminated and darkened Chlamydomonas reinhardii. Phytochemistry 20: 933-940.

D'Apuzzo E, Rogato A, Simon-Rosin U, El Alaoui H, Barbulova A, Betti M, Dimou M, Katinakis P, Marquez A, Marini AM, Udvardi MK, Chiurazzi M 2004 Characterization of three functional high-affinity ammonium transporters in Lotus japonicus with differential transcriptional regulation and spatial expression. Plant Physiol. 134: 1763-1774.

Dang VD, Bohn C, Bolotin-Fukuhara M, Daignan-Fornier B 1996 The CCAAT box-binding factor stimulates ammonium assimilation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, defining a new cross-pathway regulation between nitrogen and carbon metabolisms. J. Bacteriol. 178: 1842-1849.

Debouba M, Maaroufi-Dghimi H, Suzuki A, Ghorbel MH, Gouia H 2007 Changes in growth and activity of enzymes involved in nitrate reduction and ammonium assimilation in tomato seedlings in response to NaCl stress. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 99: 1143-1151.

DeLuna A, Quezada H, Gomez-Puyou A, Gonzalez A 2005 Asparaginyl deamidation in two glutamate dehydrogenase isoenzymes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 328: 1083-1090.

Dijkerman R, Ledeboer J, Verhappen ABM, den Camp HJMO, der Drift CV, Vogels GD 1997 The anaerobic fungus Piromyces sp. strain E2: nitrogen requirement and enzymes involved in primary nitrogen metabolism. Arch. Microbiol. 166: 399-404.

Dincturk HB, Knaff DB 2000 The evolution of glutamate synthase. Mol. Biol. Rep. 27: 141-148.

Dluzniewska P, Gessler A, Dietrich H, Schnitzler JP, Teuber M, Rennenberg H 2007 Nitrogen uptake and metabolism in Populus x canescens as affected by salinity. New Phytol. 173: 279-293.

Drews M, Doverskog M, Ohman L, Chapman BE, Jacobsson U, Kuchel PW, Haggstrom L 2000 Pathways of glutamine metabolism in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells: evidence for the presence of the nitrogen assimilation system, and a metabolic switch by 1H/15N NMR. J. Biotechnol. 78: 23-37.

Dubois F, Terce-Laforgue T, Gonzalez-Moro MB, Estavillo JM, Sangwan R, Gallais A, Hirel B 2003 Glutamate dehydrogenase in plants: is there a new story for an old enzyme? Plant Physiol. Biochem. 41: 565-576.

Dunn-Coleman NS, Garrett RH 1981 Effect of the gln-1b mutation on nitrogen metabolite repression in Neurospora crassa. J. Bacteriol. 145: 884-888.

Dutilleul C, Lelarge C, Prioul JL, De Paepe R, Foyer CH, Noctor G 2005 Mitochondria-driven changes in leaf NAD status exert a crucial influence on the control of nitrate assimilation and the integration of carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Plant Physiol. 139: 64-78.

Eberl L, Ammendola A, Rothballer MH, Givskov M, Sternberg C, Kilstrup M, Schleifer KH, Molin S 2000 Inactivation of gltB abolishes expression of the assimilatory nitrate reductase gene (nasB) in Pseudomonas putida KT2442. J. Bacteriol. 182: 3368-3376.

Ehlers C, Grabbe R, Veit K, Schmitz RA 2002 Characterization of GlnK(1) from Methanosarcina mazei strain Go1: Complementation of an Escherichia coli glnK mutant strain by GlnK(1). J. Bacteriol. 184: 1028-1040.

Ehlting B, Dluzniewska P, Dietrich H, Selle A, Teuber M, Hansch R, Nehls U, Polle A, Schnitzler JP, Rennenberg H, Gessler A 2007 Interaction of nitrogen nutrition and salinity in Grey poplar (Populus tremula x alba). Plant Cell Environ. 30: 796-811.

El Alaoui S, Diez J, Toribio F, Gomez-Baena G, Dufresne A, Garcia-Fernandez JM 2003 Glutamine synthetase from the marine cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus spp: characterization, phylogeny and response to nutrient limitation. Environ. Microbiol. 5: 412-423.

Ely B, Amarasinghe AB, Bender RA 1978 Ammonia assimilation and glutamate formation in Caulobacter crescentus. J. Bacteriol. 133: 225-230.

Ernsting BR, Atkinson MR, Ninfa AJ, Matthews RG 1992 Characterization of the regulon controlled by the leucine-responsive regulatory protein in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 174: 1109-1118.

Escobar MA, Geisler DA, Rasmusson AG 2006 Reorganization of the alternative pathways of the Arabidopsis respiratory chain by nitrogen supply: opposing effects of ammonium and nitrate. Plant J. 45: 775-788.

Esposito S, Guerriero G, Vona V, Di Martino Rigano V, Carfagna S, Rigano C 2005 Glutamate synthase activities and protein changes in relation to nitrogen nutrition in barley: the dependence on different plastidic glucose-6P dehydrogenase isoforms. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 55-64.

Faires N, Tobisch S, Bachem S, Martin-Verstraete I, Hecker M, Stulke J 1999 The catabolite control protein CcpA controls ammonium assimilation in Bacillus subtilis. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1: 141-148.

Fan TWM, Higashi RM, Frenkiel TA, Lane AN 1997 Anaerobic nitrate and ammonium metabolism in flood-tolerant rice coleoptiles. J. Exp. Bot. 48: 1655-1666.

Feng J, Volk RJ, Jackson WA 1998 Source and magnitude of ammonium generation in maize roots. Plant Physiol. 118: 835-841.

Feraud M, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Ferrario-Mery S, Pageau K, Lelandais M, Ziegler C, Leboeuf E, Jouglet T, Viret L, Spampinato A, Paganelli V, Hammouda MB, Suzuki A 2005 Expression of a ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase gene in mesophyll and vascular cells and functions of the enzyme in ammonium assimilation in Nicotiana tabacum (L.). Planta 222: 667-677.

Ferrario-Mery S, Masclaux C, Suzuki A, Valadier MH, Hirel B, Foyer CH 2001 Glutamine and alpha-ketoglutarate are metabolite signals involved in nitrate reductase gene transcription in untransformed and transformed tobacco plants deficient in ferredoxin-glutamine-alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase. Planta 213: 265-271.

Filetici P, Martegani MP, Valenzuela L, Gonzalez A, Ballario P 1996 Sequence of the GLT1 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals the domain structure of yeast glutamate synthase. Yeast 12: 1359-1366.

Fisher SH 1992 Glutamine synthesis in Streptomyces--a review. Gene 115: 13-17.

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Gerendas J, Zhu ZJ, Bendixen R, Ratcliffe RG, Sattelmacher B 1997 Physiological and biochemical processes related to ammonium toxicity in higher plants. Z. Pflanzenernahrung Und Bodenkunde 160: 239-251.

Giordano M, Pezzoni V, Hell R 2000 Strategies for the allocation of resources under sulfur limitation in the green alga Dunaliella salina. Plant Physiol. 124: 857-864.

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Gomez-Maldonado J, Avila C, Torre F, Canas R, Canovas FM, Campbell MM 2004 Functional interactions between a glutamine synthetase promoter and MYB proteins. Plant J. 39: 513-526.

Gonzalez A, Rodriguez L, Folch J, Soberon M, Olivera H 1987 Coordinated regulation of ammonium assimilation and carbon catabolism by glyoxylate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Gen. Microbiol. 133: 2497-2501.

Gonzalez-Ballester D, Camargo A, Fernandez E 2004 Ammonium transporter genes in Chlamydomonas: the nitrate-specific regulatory gene Nit2 is involved in Amt1;1 expression. Plant Mol. Biol. 56: 863-878.

Gonzalez-Moro B, Mena-Petite A, Lacuesta M, Gonzalez-Murua C, Munoz-Rueda A 2000 Glutamine synthetase from mesophyll and bundle sheath maize cells: isoenzyme complements and different sensitivities to phosphinothricin. Plant Cell Rep. 19: 1127-1134.

Grotkjaer T, Christakopoulos P, Nielsen J, Olsson L 2005 Comparative metabolic network analysis of two xylose fermenting recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Metab. Eng. 7: 437-444.

Guaragnella N, Butow RA 2003 ATO3 encoding a putative outward ammonium transporter is an RTG-independent retrograde responsive gene regulated by GCN4 and the Ssy1-Ptr3-Ssy5 amino acid sensor system. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 45882-45887.

Guerrero CA, Aranda C, Deluna A, Filetici P, Riego L, Anaya VH, Gonzalez A 2005 Salt-dependent expression of ammonium assimilation genes in the halotolerant yeast, Debaryomyces hansenii. Curr. Genet. 47: 163-171.

Guo S, Bruck H, Sattelmacher B 2002 Effects of supplied nitrogen form on growth and water uptake of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Nitrogen form and water uptake. Plant & Soil 239: 267-275.

Guo S, Schinner K, Sattelmacher B, Hansen UP 2005 Different apparent CO2 compensation points in nitrate- and ammonium-grown Phaseolus vulgaris and the relationship to non-photorespiratory CO2 evolution. Physiol. Plant. 123: 288-301.

Gutierrez JC, Santero E, Tortolero M 1997 Ammonium repression of the nitrite-nitrate (nasAB) assimilatory operon of Azotobacter vinelandii is enhanced in mutants expressing the nifO gene at high levels. Mol. Gen. Genet. 255: 172-179.

Gutierrez RA, Stokes TL, Thum K, Xu X, Obertello M, Katari MS, Tanurdzic M, Dean A, Nero DC, McClung CR, Coruzzi GM 2008 Systems approach identifies an organic nitrogen-responsive gene network that is regulated by the master clock control gene CCA1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 4939-4944.

Hansch R, Fessel DG, Witt C, Hesberg C, Hoffmann G, Walch-Liu P, Engels C, Kruse J, Rennenberg H, Kaiser WM, Mendel RR 2001 Tobacco plants that lack expression of functional nitrate reductase in roots show changes in growth rates and metabolite accumulation. J. Exp. Bot. 52: 1251-1258.

Hartung W, Ratcliffe RG 2002 Utilization of glycine and serine as nitrogen sources in the roots of Zea mays and Chamaegigas intrepidus. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 2305-2314.

Hausler RE, Blackwell RD, Lea PJ, Leegood RC 1994 Control of photosynthesis in barley leaves with reduced activities of glutamine synthetase or glutamate synthase. 1. Plant characteristics and changes in nitrate, ammonium and amino acids. Planta 194: 406-417.

Healy FG, Latorre C, Albrecht SL, Reddy PM, Shanmugam KT 2003 Altered kinetic properties of tyrosine-183 to cysteine mutation in glutamine synthetase of Anabaena variabilis strain SA1 is responsible for excretion of ammonium ion produced by nitrogenase. Curr. Microbiol. 46: 423-431.

Hirano T, Satoh Y, Ohki A, Takada R, Arai T, Michiyama H 2008 Inhibition of ammonium assimilation restores elongation of seminal rice roots repressed by high levels of exogenous ammonium. Physiol. Plant. May 26 [Epub ahead of print].

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Hirayama C, Saito H, Konno K, Shinbo H 1998 Purification and characterization of NADH-dependent glutamate synthase from the silkworm fat body (Bombyx mori). Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28: 473-482.

Hirel B, Andrieu B, Valadier MH, Renard S, Quillere I, Chelle M, Pommel B, Fournier C, Drouet JL 2005 Physiology of maize II: Identification of physiological markers representative of the nitrogen status of maize (Zea mays) leaves during grain filling. Physiol. Plant. 124: 178-188.

Hirel B, Martin A, Terce-Laforgue T, Gonzalez-Moro MB, Estavillo JM 2005 Physiology of maize I: A comprehensive and integrated view of nitrogen metabolism in a C4 plant. Physiol. Plant. 124: 167-177.

Hodges M 2002 Enzyme redundancy and the importance of 2-oxoglutarate in plant ammonium assimilation. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 905-916.

Holmes AR, Collings A, Farnden KJ, Shepherd MG 1989 Ammonium assimilation by Candida albicans and other yeasts: evidence for activity of glutamate synthase. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135: 1423-1430.

Holmes AR, McNaughton GS, More RD, Shepherd MG 1991 Ammonium assimilation by Candida albicans and other yeasts: a 13N isotope study. Can. J. Microbiol. 37: 226-232.

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